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Dyslexia is a common learning difficulty that can affect reading, writing and spelling. Although known as a reading disorder, dyslexia is thought to be caused by difficulties with information processing. Children with dyslexia can find it difficult to process and remember information that they hear and see, but they can be very able with problem-solving skills, and demonstrate high levels of creativity. Dyslexia can occur alongside other conditions such as dyspraxia, dyscalculia and attention deficit disorder. Dyslexia can run in families.

Dyspraxia is also known as developmental co-ordination disorder and is a common condition that can affect movement, physical coordination and fine and gross motor control. Children with dyspraxia may appear clumsy, have difficulty with tasks that include balance and coordination; and struggle with writing, drawing, typing and other educational activities. Dyspraxia can affect a child’s ability to manage their emotions and deal with social situations. It can also affect speech and articulation.

Dyscalculia is a learning disorder that affects one’s ability to understand numbers, maths concepts and carry out mathematical calculations. Children suffering from dyscalculia may show high levels of anxiety during maths lessons and have difficulties learning mathematical facts. Children with dyscalculia often show difficulties that are below the expected level for their age. They may struggle to count backwards, recognise digits, and have difficulty understanding numbers and place value; and struggle to remember simple facts.

Autism, also known as Autistic Spectrum Disorder, is an umbrella of developmental conditions that affect communication, social interaction and behaviour. Autism can range from mild to very severe and children with autism see, hear and experience the world in a different way to others. Autism can affect a child’s ability to socialise, make friends and interpret people’s feelings. Autism can cause difficulties with listening, understanding and concentrating. It can cause absent or delayed speech and frequent repetition of the same words and phrases. Autism can also cause repetitive or rigid behaviours that when interfered with cause problems adjusting to change or routine.

Asperger’s Syndrome is a common autistic condition that causes difficulties with social communication and social interaction. Children with Asperger’s Syndrome may find it difficult to read other people’s emotions and verbally articulate themselves. Because of this they may find it comforting to be around people who are more verbally articulate than themselves. Children with Asperger’s may have restrictive and repetitive patterns of behaviour that can lead to a limited range of interests. However, they may have no problems focusing on those things that do interest them and demonstrate high levels of focus. Due to the repetitive and rigid nature of how they like they things to be carried out, children with Asperger’s may struggle with changes to routine and flexibility, and this may leave them feeling upset and overwhelmed.